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Middle range theory (sociology)
Middle-range theory, developed by Robert K. Merton, is an approach to sociological theorizing aimed at integrating theory and empirical research. It is currently the de facto dominant approach to sociological theory construction,〔Bailey, Kenneth. 1991. "Alternative Procedures for Macrosociological Theorizing." Quality & Quantity, vol 25:1, pp. 37-55.〕 especially in the United States. Middle-range theory starts with an empirical phenomenon (as opposed to a broad abstract entity like the social system) and abstracts from it to create general statements that can be verified by data.〔Merton, Robert. ''Social Theory and Social Structure.''〕 This approach stands in contrast to the earlier "grand" theorizing of social theory, such as functionalism and many conflict theories. Raymond Boudon has argued that 'middle-range' theory is the same concept that most other sciences simply call 'theory'.〔Boudon, Raymond (1991). "What middle-range theories are", ''Contemporary Sociology'' (American Sociological Association) 20 (4): pp. 519-522.〕 The analytical sociology movement has as its aim the unification of such theories into a coherent paradigm at a greater level of abstraction.
==Definition==
The term "middle-range theory" does not refer to a specific theory, but is rather an approach to theory construction. Raymond Boudon defines middle-range theory as a commitment to two ideas. The first is positive, and describes what such theories should do: sociological theories, like all scientific theories, should aim to consolidate otherwise segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities; "if a 'theory' is valid, it 'explains' and in other words 'consolidates' and federates empirical regularities which on their side would appear otherwise segregated." The other is negative, and it relates to what theory cannot do: "it is hopeless and quixotic to try to determine the overarching independent variable that would operate in all social processes, or to determine the ''essential'' feature of social structure, or to find out the two, three, or four couples of concepts ... that would be sufficient to analyze all social phenomena".〔
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